ABSTRACT
Background:The mitral valve (MV) is a complex structure that is altered in various disease status. Mitral valveclosure prevents systolic backflow of blood from the left ventricle into atrium, which depends on the co-ordinatedaction of left atrium, mitral valve leaflets, annulus, chordae, papillary muscles and the left ventricular wall.Alteration in the structure and function of any of these elements lead to mitral valve incompetence.Purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to determine the morphological and the morphometric variationsof mitral valve. The present study has classified mitral valve based on the number of mitral valve leaflets/cuspsand also measured the size and area of mitral orifice and mitral annulus circumference.Methods:Present study included 50 human hearts from the cadavers in the department of Anatomy at PondicherryInstitute of Medical Sciences. Circumference, annular diameter, area of the valve, height of the anterior leafletand height of the posterior leaflet was measured.Results:In this study annular circumference ranged between 6.8 to11.5 cm and 64% of the circumference rangedbetween 8.1 to 10 cm. Annular diameter ranged between 2 to 3.6 cm and 58% of diameter ranged between 2.6 to3 cm.Height of the anterior leaflet ranged between 1 to 2.5 cm and 54% ranged between 1.6 to 2 cm. Height of theposterior leaflet ranged between 0.5 to 1.5 cm and 70% ranged between0.5to 1cm.Conclusion:Although the most commonly described mitral valve is bicuspid, in the present study 3 cusps werefound in 4% of the specimens. Improper cusp approximation may cause cardio vascular problems. Morphometricmeasurements of the mitral valve will help in finding the correct size of the prosthesis for the valve replacementwhich will accurately fix in the valve orifice.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The anterior cruciate ligament is frequently injured ligament of the knee. It divides into anteromedialand posterolateral budles attached into tibia and femur. This study aimed to measure the length and width of twobundles of ACL separately to observe the morphormetrical difference. Since single or double bundle ACLreconstructive surgical procedure are commonly used by orthopaedic surgeon, our study may help them inhamstring or tendon graft procedures.Material and Methods: The Cadaveric study was conducted in the department of Anatomy at Pondicherry instituteof Medical sciences, Pondicherry from December 2015 – May 2016. Randomly selected thirty cadaveric wasincluded for the study and knees with ACL tear; macroscopic degenerative changes or any evidence of trauma wasexcluded from the study. The data was presented as frequencies and proportions, mean and standard deviations.Statistical significance (p value) was considered at 0.05 levels.Results: There was a statistically significant increase in transverse diameter. We observed P value of transversediameter of anteromedial bundle at tibial attchment (0.01) and (0.05) in anteroposterior diameter of posterolateralat tibial and in middle (0.04) showed a statistically significant increase in transverse diameter.Conclusion: ACL tears are managed surgically by a double bundle or single bundle ACL reconstruction technique.Recently, the anatomic double bundle ACL reconstruction has been found to be better in restoring the intact kneefunction compared to the conventional single bundle surgery when done perfectly. So our study of morphometricmeasurements of ACL can help the surgeons during accurate tendon graft procedure of anterior cruciate ligamentreconstructive surgeries.
ABSTRACT
Anatomical variations involving the brachial plexus are not uncommon. Abnormal communications among thebranches of musculocutaneous nerve especially those involving the posterior division are widely reported dueto their significance in various surgical procedures performed in this region. During the routine gross anatomicaldissection, we observed the bilateral absence of musculocutaneous nerve in two male cadavers aged 60 and 65years and the muscles of anterior compartment of arm were innervated by the braches from the Median nerve. Incase 1, it was observed that in the right and left arm, branches from the median nerve supplied the muscles of theanterior compartment namely the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii and brachialis. The branch which innervatedthe brachialis muscle later continued as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm. In case 2, Absence of MCN observedbilaterally wherein right arm, wherein, a single branch from median nerve supplied the coracobrachialis muscle.Another branch from the median nerve, after passing through the lower end of coracobrachialis, divided into anoblique and a vertical branch which supplied the biceps brachii and brachialis respectively. These anatomicalvariations in the course of musculocutaneous and median nerve should be considered during surgical proceduresand while performing nerve conduction studies.